Retención de cápsula endoscópica en divertículo de Zenker

Caso clínico de paciente con cápsula endoscápica retenida en divertículo de Zenker, recuperada 2 años después de que se sometió al estudio. (AU)

La expresión del valor de la competitividad en la formación físico-deportiva del fútbol escolar / A expressão do valor da competitividade na formação físico-desportiva do futebol escolar / The expression of the value of competitiveness in the physical-sports training of school soccer

Resumen La competitividad suele considerarse un valor inherente a la sociedad en la que vivimos y se puede promover deliberadamente en el deporte escolar. Este estudio tiene por objetivo conocer las expresiones competitivas que implica en el fútbol escolar, mediante la observación participante, como reflexión al valor formativo que tiene la actividad. Se acompañan 10 equipos durante dos cursos escolares. El análisis de los resultados muestra que existen contradicciones entre la promoción de aprendizajes deportivos en condiciones de equidad y los resultados deportivos, que dependen de las aptitudes y capacidades individuales. Los niños capitalizan la rivalidad como la necesidad de ganar al oponente, lo que genera paradojas entre los apriorismos del deporte escolar, la socialización y sus aprendizajes. Este estudio concluye con la necesidad de promover sensibilidad educativa por los aprendizajes pedagógicamente deseables en complicidad con la participación de familias y agentes formativos.

Resumo A competitividade é geralmente considerada um valor inerente à sociedade em que vivemos e pode ser deliberadamente promovida nos esportes escolares. O objetivo deste estudo é conhecer as expressões competitivas que isso implica no futebol escolar, por meio da observação participante, como reflexo do valor educacional da atividade. Dez equipes são acompanhadas durante dois anos letivos. A análise dos resultados mostra que existem contradições entre a promoção da aprendizagem desportiva em condições justas e os resultados desportivos, que dependem das aptidões e capacidades individuais. As crianças capitalizam a rivalidade como necessidade de vencer o adversário, o que gera paradoxos entre os apriorismos do esporte escolar, socialização e seu aprendizado. Este estudo conclui com a necessidade de promover a sensibilização educacional para uma aprendizagem pedagogicamente desejável em cumplicidade com a participação das famílias e dos agentes formadores.

Abstract Competitiveness is often considered an inherent value in the society in which we live, and it can be deliberately promoted in school sports. This study aims to know the competitive expressions involved in school soccer as a reflection of the formative value of the activity, through participant observation. Ten teams are accompanied during two school years. The analysis of the results shows that there are contradictions between the promotion of equitable sports learning and sports results, depending on individual skills and abilities. Children capitalize on sports rivalry as the need to win against the opponent, which generates paradoxes between the apriorisms of school sports, socialization and their learning. This study concludes with the need to promote educational awareness of pedagogically desirable learning in complicity with the participation of families and training agents.

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia diagnosed by enteroscopy: a case report.

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a very rare autosomal dominant multisystemic disease. Patients with this disease usually present with punctate mucocutaneous telangiectasias and arteriovenous malformations. The diagnostic criteria currently in use are the Curaçao criteria. HHT is considered a clinical diagnosis; thus, no imaging or preclinical laboratory is mandatory, and diagnosis and management are performed according to the experience of the treating team. We herein describe a 58-year-old man with no significant medical history who presented with a 15-day history of intermittent hematochezia. He was admitted to the hospital and underwent a series of laboratory tests, including colonoscopy, which showed normal results. Therefore, the patient was discharged with a diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding. During his second visit to the emergency room, the doctors requested video capsule endoscopy because of the patient's history, and a diagnosis of HHT was made. The entire approach and treatment were completed with antegrade double-balloon enteroscopy. This case highlights the importance of endoscopic methods for timely diagnosis and proper management.

Enfermedad de Crohn fibroestenótica en íleon medio como manifestación inicial de la enfermedad. Reporte de un caso / A Case Report of Fibro-Stenotic Crohn's Disease in the Middle Ileum as the Initial Manifestation

Resumen La enfermedad de Crohn (EC) es una enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal que puede afectar todo el tracto gastrointestinal; el intestino delgado es el segmento afectado en cerca del 50% de los pacientes, en los cuales el íleon terminal es el área más comúnmente comprometida por la enfermedad. Las estenosis intestinales son una complicación frecuente en la EC y aproximadamente 30% a 50% de los pacientes presentan estenosis o lesiones penetrantes al momento del diagnóstico. Las técnicas endoscópicas convencionales no permiten evaluar las lesiones del intestino delgado; es por esto que se desarrollaron técnicas como la enteroscopia y la videocápsula endoscópica, teniendo cada una de ellas sus ventajas e indicaciones. Se presenta un caso de un paciente con EC con fibroestenosis localizada en el íleon medio. No es una localización frecuente para este tipo de lesiones.

Abstract Crohn's disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease that can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract. The small intestine is affected in about 50% of patients among whom the terminal ileum is the area most commonly affected. Intestinal stenosis is a common complication in CD and approximately 30% to 50% of patients present stenosis or penetrating lesions at the time of diagnosis. Because conventional endoscopic techniques do not allow evaluation of small bowel lesions, techniques such as enteroscopy and endoscopic video-capsule were developed. Each has advantages and indications. We present the case of a patient with CD with localized fibrostenosis in the middle ileum which is not a frequent site for this type of lesion.

[Methimazole-induced cholestatic jaundice in a hyperthyroid patient]. / Ictericia colestásica inducida por metimazol en una paciente con hipertiroidismo.

Hyperthyroidism is one of the most frequent endocrine disorders and its current treatment is based on drugs, surgery and radioactive iodine. Methimazole is the antithyroid drug of choice because of its potency and infrequent side effects, usuaIly mild. This medication is rarely associated with liver toxicity, usually manifested as cholestatic jaundice. Here we report the case of a 33-year-old woman treated at the University Hospital Fundación Santa Fe de Bogota, with hepatotoxicity induced by a methimazole-based treatment for Graves' disease. The pruritus and jaundice appeared after three weeks of therapy, viral hepatitis markers were negative, hepatobiliary ultrasonography was normal, and an increase of the levels of alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and aminotransferases was found The causal diagnosis of methimazole-induced hepatotoxicity was supported by the results of a liver biopsy. According to the CIOMS scale the score was 10, and the causal relationship of the hepatic adverse reaction by methimazole is highly probable. The clinical course was satisfactory when the medication was suspended, with clinical improvement at 5 days, and normalization of liver tests at 5 weeks. We discuss this case from a diagnostic and therapeutic approach.

Ictericia colestásica inducida por metimazol en una paciente con hipertiroidismo. / [Methimazole-induced cholestatic jaundice in a hyperthyroid patient].

Hyperthyroidism is one of the most frequent endocrine disorders and its current treatment is based on drugs, surgery and radioactive iodine. Methimazole is the antithyroid drug of choice because of its potency and infrequent side effects, usuaIly mild. This medication is rarely associated with liver toxicity, usually manifested as cholestatic jaundice. Here we report the case of a 33-year-old woman treated at the University Hospital Fundación Santa Fe de Bogota, with hepatotoxicity induced by a methimazole-based treatment for Graves disease. The pruritus and jaundice appeared after three weeks of therapy, viral hepatitis markers were negative, hepatobiliary ultrasonography was normal, and an increase of the levels of alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and aminotransferases was found The causal diagnosis of methimazole-induced hepatotoxicity was supported by the results of a liver biopsy. According to the CIOMS scale the score was 10, and the causal relationship of the hepatic adverse reaction by methimazole is highly probable. The clinical course was satisfactory when the medication was suspended, with clinical improvement at 5 days, and normalization of liver tests at 5 weeks. We discuss this case from a diagnostic and therapeutic approach.

Ictericia colestásica inducida por metimazol en una paciente con hipertiroidismo / [Methimazole-induced cholestatic jaundice in a hyperthyroid patient].

Hyperthyroidism is one of the most frequent endocrine disorders and its current treatment is based on drugs, surgery and radioactive iodine. Methimazole is the antithyroid drug of choice because of its potency and infrequent side effects, usuaIly mild. This medication is rarely associated with liver toxicity, usually manifested as cholestatic jaundice. Here we report the case of a 33-year-old woman treated at the University Hospital Fundación Santa Fe de Bogota, with hepatotoxicity induced by a methimazole-based treatment for Graves’ disease. The pruritus and jaundice appeared after three weeks of therapy, viral hepatitis markers were negative, hepatobiliary ultrasonography was normal, and an increase of the levels of alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and aminotransferases was found The causal diagnosis of methimazole-induced hepatotoxicity was supported by the results of a liver biopsy. According to the CIOMS scale the score was 10, and the causal relationship of the hepatic adverse reaction by methimazole is highly probable. The clinical course was satisfactory when the medication was suspended, with clinical improvement at 5 days, and normalization of liver tests at 5 weeks. We discuss this case from a diagnostic and therapeutic approach.

Asociación de niveles de lípidos y haplogrupos Amerindios de DNA mitocondrial en individuos chilenos hipercolesterolémicos tratados con atorvastatina / Association of serum lipid levels and mitochondrial DNA Amerindian haplogroups in hypercholesterolemic subjects receiving atorvastatin

Resumen: Introducción: La respuesta terapéutica a estatuías se ve influenciada por factores como la edad, género y etnicidad. Con respecto a esto, el background genético de la población chilena es predominantemente Amerindio, definido por la presencia de haplogrupos Amerindios A, B, C y D de DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA). Así, el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la potencial asociación entre la presencia de haplogrupos Amerindios de mtDNA y niveles de lípidos en individuos chilenos hipercolesterolémicos tratados con Atorvastatina. Métodos: Un total de 42 individuos en dos centros de salud del sur de Chile fueron incluidos en el estudio. En el grupo de pacientes se evaluó la presencia de haplogrupos Amerindios de mtDNA por PCR-RFLP, además de la cuantificación de Colesterol Total, Triglicéridos, Colesterol-HDL y Colesterol-LDL, antes y después del tratamiento con Atorvastatina (10 mg/día). Resultados: El 88.1 por ciento de los sujetos presentó algún haplogrupo Amerindio, no observándose diferencias en los niveles de lípidos pre- tratamiento de acuerdo al haplogrupo. Interesantemente, individuos de haplogrupo B presentaron niveles mayores de Colesterol Total (B: 254 +/- 30 mg/dl v/s C: 213 +/- 48 mg/dl, D: 230 +/- 50 mg/dl; p= 0.0319) y Colesterol-LDL (B: 157 +/- 34 mg/dl v/s C: 118 +/- 45 mg/dl, D: 135 +/- 42 mg/dl; p=0.0344) post-tratamiento. Conclusiones: El haplogrupo B se asocia a niveles mayores de lípidos post-tratamiento en pacientes tratados con Atorvastatina. Estos hallazgos sugieren por primera vez, que la presencia de haplogrupo B de mtDNA determinaría una menor respuesta al tratamiento con Atorvastatina en individuos chilenos con background genético amerindio.

Background: Therapeutic response to statins is influenced by age, gender and ethnicity. The genetic background of the Chilean population is predominantly Amerindian, defined by the presence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Amerindian haplogroups A, B, C and D Amerindian haplogroups and serum lipid levéis in hypercholesterolemic Chilean subjects receiving atorvastatin Methods: 42 subjects from southern Chile were included. The presence of mtDNA Amerindian haplogroups was evaluated by PCR-RFLP; in addition, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were measured before and after treatment with atorvastatin 10 mg/day. Aim: to evaluate a possible association of mtDNA. Ameridian haplogroups and serum lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic Chilean subjects receiving atorvastatin. Result: 88.1 percent of subjects exhibited some Amerindian haplogroup. No relation of lipid levels with haplogroups was observed before treatment. Interestingly, haplogroup B individuals had higher levels of total cholesterol compared to other haplogroups after treatment (haplogroup B : 254 +/- 30 mg/dl; C : 213 +/- 48 mg/dl; D : 230 +/- 50 mg/dl, p=0.0319). Corresponding levels for LDL-cholesterol after treatment in the three groups were 157 +/- 34,118 +/-45 and 135 +/-42 mg/ di, respectively, p=0.0344. Conclusion: Compared to other haplogroups, haplogroup B is associated to higher levels of lipids after treatment with atorvastatin. For the first time, these findings suggest that the presence of mtDNA haplogroup B determines a dimished response to atorvastatin in Chilean subjets with an Amerindian genetic background.

Cerebral neuroschistosomiasis: a rare clinical presentation and review of the literature.

The symptomatic presentation of cerebral schistosomiasis is uncommon. The case of a 25-year-old woman from Equatorial Guinea with headache and seizures secondary to cerebral neuroschistosomiasis, as confirmed by histopathological examination and microbiological study, is presented. A review of the literature on this subject is also provided.

Estudio de frecuencia del anticuerpo LKM-1 en una cohorte de pacientes con criterios de hepatitis autoinmune / Study of frequency of antibody LKM-1 in a cohort of patients with criteria of autoimmune hepatitis

Antecedentes: la hepatitis autoinmune (HAI) es una enfermedad autoinmune crónica del hígado con características clínicas y de laboratorio típicas. La HAI se ha subdividido en tres categorías de acuerdo a la positividad de los anticuerpos. El anticuerpo LKM-1 (del inglés Liver/kidney microsomal antibody type 1) y el anticuerpo LC1 (del inglés and liver cytosol antibody type 1) son marcadores que definen la HAI tipo 2 y la diferencian del tipo 1. No se conoce la prevalencia de los anticuerpos anti LKM-1 en pacientes con HAI en Colombia. Objetivos: el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar un grupo de pacientes con HAI y describir la frecuencia de los anticuerpos anti-LKM-1. El objetivo secundario fue conocer la frecuencia de síntomas y signos reumatológicos en estos pacientes. Métodos: se realizó la prueba para detectar los anticuerpos LKM-1 con el reactivo semi-cuantitativo Quanta Lite mediante el método ELISA de los laboratorios INOVA en 32 pacientes colombianos con HAI. El diagnóstico de HAI fue clasificado como probable o definitivo de acuerdo a la clasificación internacional del grupo de estudio para la hepatitis autoinmune. Se excluyeron los pacientes con menos de 10 puntos, demencia, hepatitis inducida por drogas o tóxicos, y la hepatitis alcohólica o metabólica. Resultados: ninguno de los pacientes fueron positivos para el anticuerpo LKM-1. La edad media fue de 39,03 (1,2-80), las mujeres 78,1 y los hombres 21,9. La educación de los pacientes: Bachillerato 37,5%, universidad 31,3%. El síntoma más frecuente fue la fatiga en 68,8%, ictericia 62%, prurito 24,9%, artralgias y dolor abdominal de 34,4%. Los anticuerpos antinucleares de más de 1/ 80 fueron encontrados en el 53,8% de los pacientes. Los anticuerpos antimúsculo liso en títulos mayores de 1:40 fueron positivos en 40,6% de los pacientes. El síndrome de Sjögren y la tiroiditis autoinmune fueron las enfermedades autoinmunes asociadas más frecuentes.

Background: autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic and immune disease with typical clinic and laboratory characteristics. Liver/kidney microsomal antibody type 1 (LKM-1) and liver cytosol antibody type 1 (LC1) are the markers of type 2 AIH and differentiates the subtypes of AIH. Anti- LKM-1 antibodies are present in AIH type 2 and help to differentiate AIH type 1from AIH 2. Incidence and prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis and LKM-1 antibodies in Colombia are unknown. Objectives: our goal was to analyze a group of patients with AIH and to study the frequency of anti-LKM-1 antibody in these patients. In addition, we described the autoimmune diseases and rheumatologic signs and symptoms associated to this group of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Methods: semi-quantitative Quanta Lite probe to detect anti-LKM-1 antibodies was developed by ELISA method from INOVA laboratories in 32 Colombian patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). The diagnosis was classified of probable or definitive AIH according of the classification of international autoimmune hepatitis group. Patient with less than 10 points, dementia, toxic or drug induced hepatitis and hepatitis of metabolic origin were excluded. Results: no one of the patients was positive for anti LKM-1 antibody. The mean age was 39.03 (1,2-80), women 78.1 and men 21.9. Level of education of these patients: High school 37.5% and university 31.3%. The most frequent symptom was fatigue in 68.8%, jaundice 62%, pruritus 24.9%, arthralgia and abdominal pain 34.4%. Antinuclear antibodies positive more than 1:80 were found in 53.8% of patients. Anti- smooth muscle antibody more than 1:40 were positive in 40.6% of patients. Sjogrën’s syndrome and autoimmune thyroiditis were the most frequently autoimmune diseases found.

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) in practice: agreement between observers rating esophageal varices: how to cope with chance?

In clinical medicine, several tests that are commonly performed (i.e., physical exams, x-rays, or endoscopy) rely on a degree of subjective interpretation by observers. A limitation for clinicians is the concept of agreement between two observers that is present and beyond chance. Clinical decisions based on the presence or absence of a finding in a diagnostic test (i.e., size of esophageal varices on endoscopy) are commonly reached depending on the agreement between observers. Observations that measure the agreement between two or more observers should include a formula that takes into account the fact that observers will sometimes agree or disagree by chance. The kappa statistic corrects for this chance agreement and lets the reader know how much of the agreement beyond chance the reviewers achieve. Kappa is widely used to measure interobserver variability, that is, how often two or more observers agree in their interpretations. A kappa of 1 indicates perfect agreement, whereas a kappa of 0 indicates agreement equivalent to chance. A limitation of kappa is that it is affected by the prevalence of the finding under observation.

Falla hepática aguda: Un diálogo socrático e hipotético con el residente / Acute liver failure: Socratic and hypothetic discussion with the resident

La falla hepática aguda es la consecuencia más funesta que padece el hígado ante cualquier insulto. A pesar de un mayor entendimiento en los mecanismos patogénicos que explican la constelación sintomática y las complicaciones; son pocos los avances que significativamente mejoran el complejo curso clínico de estos pacientes. Un entendimiento del cuadro clínico, sus complicaciones y su reconocimiento temprano es la mejor alternativa para mejorar el pronóstico sombrío que usualmente acompaña esta temida enfermedad

Acute hepatitis due to shen-min: a herbal product derived from Polygonum multiflorum.

Shen-Min is a herbal product sold as a supplement for women to enhance hair growth. It is widely available across Asia, Europe, and the United States and sold without prescription as a hair nutritional supplement. We describe a case of acute liver injury in a 28-year-old white woman who developed symptomatic hepatitis 8 weeks after starting Shen-Min. All other potential causes of acute hepatitis including viral, hypoxic/ischemic, metabolic, and autoimmune etiologies were excluded. The liver injury slowly resolved over 3 weeks after discontinuing the herbal product. Although the mechanism of Shen-Min hepatotoxicity is unknown, we suspect an idiosyncratic reaction because the patient developed a fine maculopapular rash, mild eosinophilia, and did not overdose. Shen-Min is a Chinese herbal product with a mixture of several plants and vitamins including Polygonum multiflorum, a root that has been previously associated with hepatotoxicity. Nonetheless to our knowledge this is the first reported case of herbal-induced hepatotoxicity in a patient taking Shen-Min per se. Clinicians taking care of patients with acute hepatitis of unclear etiology should be aware that the consumption of Shen-Min, a hair supplement widely available in the United States and Western countries might cause acute hepatitis.